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Advantages of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network over 3G

Advantages of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network over 3G

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Home > Technology > Communications > Benefits of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network over 3G

Advantages of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network over 3G

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Posted: 21 January 2011 | Comments: 0
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Implementation of 802.11:

"Wireless LANs opens up new possibilities for wireless users, Which is mainly in terminal mobility and ease of reconfiguration In general, wireless LANs, the following advantages.": [JHSchiller, 2000]

Flexibility: When wireless nodes are within the network coverage area then they can communicate with each other without major limitations in terminal position. It is not visible to the terminals to one another remain important. If the frequency of the electromagnetic waves are not too high then the walls and other typical obstacles indoors are usually penetrated.
Simplified Planning: configuring an ad hoc network is not required and the network is worthy of wireless technology related.
Possibility of a temporary network configuration: networks that may be needed temporarily be set up using the wireless communication. (For example, at major international exhibitions, sports competitions, etc.).

"Wireless LANs have several Disadvantages, most of them are the result of using the radio as a signal propagation medium, the major drawbacks are the following .." [Hazysztof Wesolowshi, 2002]

Lower Austria transmission quality as wire-speed line in comparison: 10 ^ -3 – 10 ^ -4 is the order of the error in the radio channel or it can be worse than this. For higher quality FEC or ARQ techniques are necessary. For comparison, the error rate for transmission over a fiber optic channel More than 10 ^ -10.
Lower security: to transfer the information to be easily intercepted radio channel if to compare to wired LANs. If WLAN is used inappropriately, it can be a source of interference for other sensitive equipment like medical devices to be. Wireless LANs have few independent of other networks and wireless transmission systems, a wire-line network access.

Different generations of mobile phones:

1G:

1G short for the first generation analogue cellular technology (AMPS is an example of a 1G cellular system). Used in the 1980s, this technology has been developed to transmit voice calls from mobile phones. The calls are transmitted in the air and are very easy to intercept. "1G (or 1-G) is short for first generation mobile phone network technology, mobile phones. These are the analog mobile phone standards, Which were introduced in the 1980s and up through 2G digital mobile phones continued replaced. The main difference between two successive mobile phone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. "[http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/1G]

Circuit Switch:

Analog circuit switched technology system used in 1G, with FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), it works mainly in the 800-900 MHz frequency bands. The networks had low traffic density capacity, unreliable delivery, poor voice quality and the lack of security.

Sun signal from cell base station to send to the handset, typically assigned a 25-MHz frequency band, and another 25 MHz for signals from the handset to the base station back. Now these bands are divided into a number of communication channels, each of Which is used by certain callers.

2G

After 1G, 2G came (second generation) mobile phone into existence. For the first time a 2G phone will work purely on digital technology. The demands on the networks, Particularly in densely populated areas within the cities, has rendered more and more sophisticated methods to avoid the base of the large number of Which calls, and so the risks of interference and had to dropped calls for hand-overs. They are many common principles in both the generation of cell phones involved. As they both have the same cell structure. But the way the signals are processed differently. 1G networks are not capable of the advanced features of the 2G systems, searchable as Caller Identity and text messaging.

In the GSM 900, for example, have to use two frequency bands from 25 MHz bandwidth. The band 890-915 MHz is committed to using communication as the mobile station to base station uplink, and the band 935-960 MHz for downlink communications from the base station to the mobile station. Each volume is divided into 124 channels each 200 kHz apart, in a similar manner to the FDMA method that was used in 1G system Then, each carrier frequency is divided by an extra eight TDMA 577 usec long "time windows", each of Which represents a channel of communication – is the total number of channels available, therefore, likely 124 x 8, producing a maximum of 992 simultaneous calls speculative.

GPRS and EDGE

2.5G (Enhanced Second Generation) is a general term for passing on to a standard wireless mobile networks, Which lies in between 2G and 3G. The growth of 2.5G has been view as a stepping stone towards 3G, Which are supported by an improved data services and right to use the Internet was. In the development of mobile communication, offer every generation enhanced data rate and additional features and 2.5G is not a liberation, as it is faster than 2G services offer, but not as fast or as sophisticated as the newer 3G systems.

Some observers have seen as a substitute way 2.5G to 3G, but they seem short-sighted as 2.5G is quite a few times slower than the whole 3G service. The technical provisions 2.5G expanded the ability of 2G systems by providing additional search features as a packet-switched connection (GPRS) in the TDMA-based GSM system and in enhanced data rates (HSCSD, and EDGE). This improvement in 2.5G systems permit data rates of 64-144 kbps, Which allow these phones, its characteristic web-browsing, the use of charts and routing, voice mail, fax and the transmission and reception of large e-mails.

3G

Third generation mobile networks are the latest phase of the growth of wireless communications technology. Key features of 3G systems are that they cause much higher data transfer rates and the presence of Increased capacity, Which makes them Appropriate for high-speed data applications as well as the usual voice calls. In fact, 3G systems are designed to process data and as the voice signals into digital data, this results in his speech deal with in much the same way as any additional form of data. Third generation systems use packet switching technology that is more powerful and faster than the conventional circuit-switched systems, but they need a little special infrastructure to the 2G systems. "Japanese 3G services in 2001 set up so that offer Japan one of the first countries to 3G technology commercially. Japan's 3G technology is to be Ensured in a position suitable quality of fixed telecommunications equipment, while high-speed data transfer and global roaming in all areas where 3G networks exist. "[The Wireless Telecommunications Market in Japan, in April 2006]

W-CDMA and CDMA2000

It is generally accepted that a major CDMA transmission technology, is being compared with the previous methods used in GSM / TDMA. W-CDMA systems capable of making more use of the Internet spectrum, because the CDMA technology Allows it to work all the base stations on the same frequency. Rebuilt in the W-CDMA system, the data in individual packets, then transmit the shared use packet switching technology, and the packages are in exactly the order on the receiving end of the code that is transmitted with each packet. W-CDMA has a potential problem, because by the fact that more users simultaneously communicate with a base station, then known as an event "cell breathing" to take place. This effect payments to the user for the limited power of the base station to Which the cell can reduce the field to compete – W-CDMA and CDMA2000 are planned to Facilitate this problem.

UMTS

UMTS systems are planned to deliver a range of data rates, Depending on the user's conditions up to 144 kbps for moving vehicles (macro cellular environments), up to 384 kbit / s for pedestrians (microcellular environments) and up to 2 Mbit / s for indoor or immovable user (picocellular environments). In contrast, the data rates supported by the vital 2G networks were only 9.6 kbit / s, as in GSM, Which is sufficient to offer was a complicated digital services.

Modulation:

Process of changing some characteristic of a periodic wave with an external signal is called modulation. These high-frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air without difficulties and can travel great distances. The properties (amplitude, frequency or phase) of the carrier signal are varied in agreement with the stock turn signal. In the field of telecommunications, in turn, that is identified as bearing signal of the modulating signal.

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is used a kind of channeling protocol in Multiple-Access. In FDMA user one or more frequency bands divided by each other them the opportunity to use the allocated band without. Coordination of access is Carried out between several customers with multiple access techniques. Various methods examined as TDMA, CDMA are therefore of the users to share access used.

TDMA:

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a shared medium access method, the channel (usually radio) networks. He divides the channel into different time slots and Allows multiple users sharing the same frequency channel. The users quickly transferred to each other with their own time slot on the. Only part of the transmission capacity is used to share the same transmission medium over multiple hops. GSM, the digital technologies used in 2G TDMA. It is then examined in other systems as Personal Digital Cellular and iDEN and used in the system of Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, is a standard for mobile phones

CDMA:

Many radio communication technologies CDMA channel access method. Transmission of information at a time on one channel so many users is the main concept and idea in the data communication. In this approach, multiple channels share a range of frequency. This is known as multiplexing. Spread-spectrum technology and coding (where each user is assigned a code) that many users can use on the same physical channel in CDMA received multiplex. Short-access divided by frequency FDMA, TDMA and CDMA divides it by time, Which is a spread spectrum and coding divides access by assigning a code, as a coded signal is modulated much more bandwidth than the transmitted data, the data itself codes assigned to occupy the same channel, but the user associated with a code can understand each other.

3G and 802.11 data rates and integration

Data rates from 3G to WLANs compared

The data rates of wireless LANs are anywhere from 1 Mbps to 54 Mbps. It is authorized by the 802.11 standard to measure the distance to the access points. Access Points can only cover a few thousand feet, making them suitable for small networks examined as hotels and airports. up the comparison of wireless networks with 3G standards require greater investment and support a data rate of around 64 kbps to 2 Mbps as a maximum, but covers a wide spectrum range, the ubiquitous connectivity. architectures allow the user usually shift between these two networks would benefit and be profitable for both service providers and users.

Wireless integration with 3G networks.

The growth of wireless communication has grown rapidly and it had been applied for many services. Wireless local area networks and cellular mobile networks have to use the most useful technologies for wireless communication. 3G networks cover larger areas with ubiquitous connectivity but with low-speed-date rates. Wireless Local Area Networks in turn cover small areas, but with higher data rates and compatibility of wireless easy. 3G and WLAN have some additional properties. The integration of these two networks will offer users high-speed wireless data services and ubiquitous connectivity. The integration of these two networks are several aspects to be considered, authentication, billing, QoS, and roaming between the networks with out interruption.

The degree of mutual dependence is to introduce between these two networks, there are two methods to integrate. They are:

Tight-coupled internetworking
Loosely coupled internetworking

Tightly coupled interworking

The concept behind tightly coupled approach is that the 802.11 network seeks another 3G access network is Displayed on the main 3G network. In this network, the 802.11 mimic functions in 3G core network. In the figure we see that uses the 802.11 Gateway WISP No.1 to imitate as a PCF for 3G core network and in the case of CDMA2000 network, it seems as SGSN for UMTS. The gate of 802.11 hides all details of the 802.11 networks of 3G core and to attempt is made all the 3G protocols for a 3G network access required to implement. are "mobile node in this approach requires that the corresponding 3G 3G protocol based on their standard 802.11 network stack of cards and switch from one physical layer to the next as needed. All the traffic of customers in the 802.11 network generated will be injected with protocols in the 3G core. "[M. Buddhikot, G. Chandranmenon, S. Han, YW Lee, S. Miller, L. Salgarelli, 2003]

Which would, in contrast to networks share the same authentication, signaling, traffic and billing infrastructure, separately as the Protocols at the physical layer are used on the radio interface. This, however, advance some disadvantages. As the 3G core network immediately suspend its interfaces to the 802.11 network must have an operator, both the 802.11 and 3G parts of the network. In fact, in this case, not separately operated with 3G networks Iceland 802.11 will be integrated. Today's 3G networks are self-employed using carefully developed network planning tools and the ability and the state of each network part is calculated using mechanisms that are very accurate to use the technology on the air interface. By injecting the non-802.11 traffic stops in the 3G core, the unity of the entire network, as fine as the Constitution and the plan of network elements and examined as PDSNs GGSNs must individually to keep the Increased load. The arrangement that is currently part of the client to move a lot of problems with this.

"First, as already described, would be the 802.11 network cards need to Implement the 3G protocol stack. It would therefore mandate the use of 3G-specific authentication mechanisms based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module" or "Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM ) card for authentication to 802.11 wireless LANs and forces player in the 3G carrier SS7 network connected to perform the authentication process. [Removable User Identity Module Standard for CDMA 2000 Spread Spectrum Systems, June 2000.]

This would include the use of 802.11 network interface cards with fixed USIM or R-UIM slots or external cards individually into the terminals. For the reason above, the complication and the high price of the stock transfer of the 3G core networks and the 802.11 gateway would be given that operators choose to push tightly coupled approach to competitive only 802.11 WISPs again.

Loosely coupled interworking

Like the earlier architecture, loosely coupled approach calls for the beginning of a new element in the 802.11 network, the 802.11 gateway. produce, on the other side, in this design, the gateway to the Internet and contain no direct connection to 3G Network Essentials like PDSNs, GGSNs or 3G core network switches. The users that access services of the 802.11 gateway user, who may include close, and signed on wireless customers to visit from the former networks. "Networks We call this approach loosely coupled inter-working, because it is completely the data paths separated in 802.11 and 3G. The high speed of 802.11 traffic never reached in the 3G core network, but the end user more seamless access is injected. Approach in this , different mechanisms and protocols can treat the authentication, billing and mobility management in 3G and 802.11 parts of the network. But to allow for smooth operation must work it. "[Wireless IP Network Standard. P.S0001-A-1, 2000]

In the case of interoperability with CDMA2000, will need this support that the 802.11 Gateway Mobile IP capabilities to the mobility in networks as well as AAA services communicate with the 3G home network AAA servers keep. This would collect the 3G supplier in the 802.11-office records and uniform billing is different use and costs for both systems (3G and 802.11) networks. At the similar time, the use of well-coordinated AAA services on the two networks would allow the gate to get 802.11 to Implement dynamic per-user policy and service of its Home AAA servers, and to get used to such a policy for the 802.11 network. "Since the UMTS standard should not include support for protocols examined as IETF AAA and Mobile IP, adaptation is Necessary to integrate with UMTS networks. Mobile IP services, the GGSNs be retrofitted to Achieve seamless mobility between 802.11 and allow UMTS. Common subscriber data banks had to Home Location Register (HLR) for authentication and accounting on the side of the UMTS network interface, and AAA server are performed for the joint operations, while roaming customer, 802.11 networks. There are several advantages, the loosely coupled integration approach. First , It allows the independent deployment and traffic engineering of 802.11 and 3G networks. "[IP Mobility Support for IPv4 January 2002]

Conclusion.

In this paper, I Described the problems in the integration of third-generation wireless local area networks with wireless technologies examined as 802.11. In the introduction of two architectural choices for the integration, known as tightly coupled and loosely coupled interworking been described. The wireless network when compared to 3G networks Provide high speed data rates, but small coverage area. The WLAN infrastructure is expensive, but cheaper when compared to wired LANs, 3G infrastructure.

References

C. Perkins (Editor). IP Mobility Support for IPv4. RFC 3220, IETF, January 2002.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/1G, Accessed 1st January 2009.

Hazysztof Wesolowshi, Mobile Communication System, John Wiley & Sons, 2002

JHSchiller, mobile, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.., 2000

M. Buddhikot, G. Chandranmenon, S. Han, YW Lee, S. Miller, L. Salgarelli, Integration of 802.11 and third-generation wireless data networks, IEEE INFOCOM 2003rd

Removable User Identity Module Standard for CDMA 2000 Spread Spectrum Systems. C.S0023-0, 3GPP2, June 2000.

The wireless telecommunications market in Japan, in April 2006, Market Research Centre, Canada

Wireless IP Network Standard. P.S0001-A-1, Third Generation Partnership Program 2 (3GPP2), 2000

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Syed Khundmir –
About the author:

Done my master's in telecommunications. Worked as a project engineer in the Trans Cell Technical Services in India. Do Research on RF technologies to find their impact on the environment.

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Article tags:
802 11 , wireless local area networks , 3G networks , authentication , QoS , WLANs

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Done my master's in telecommunications. Worked as a project engineer in the Trans Cell Technical Services in India. Do Research on RF technologies to find their impact on the environment.

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