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ExxonMobil, Chevron and Texaco asked to help Ukraine exploration, deepwater offshore Black Sea

ExxonMobil, Chevron and Texaco asked to help Ukraine Black Sea deep-water offshore exploration

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Home > News and Society > Economy > ExxonMobil, Chevron and Texaco asked to help Ukraine exploration, deepwater offshore Black Sea

ExxonMobil, Chevron and Texaco asked to help Ukraine Black Sea deep-water offshore exploration

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Posted: 14 June 2010 | Comments: 0
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Ukraine will participate Texaco, Exxon Mobil, Chevron in the development of the Black Sea region shelf.
International majors are interested in the Black Sea for decades. But for some reason, only Turkey and Romania together with Bulgaria majors such an extent that they have made acreage and in active geoscietnific studies and drilling for oil and gas potential involved in its offshore acreage in the Black Sea region tightened.

Recently, the Ukrainian Energy Minister Yuriy Boyko has said wants the media that the authorities in Ukraine U.S. Exxon Mobil Corp., Texaco and Chevron Corp., wants to joint efforts in the development of the Black Sea resort shelf. A similar program has been drafted with the aim of U.S. Exxon Mobil, Chevron and Texaco, are committed to the basis of their experience with large water depths. Ukraine and the U.S. companies are currently negotiating the establishment of an international consortium to address this challenge efforts Blak Sea.
The talks are ongoing and there is no final decision but the parties have the relevant proposals.

The Russian-British company TNK-BP has also shown their interest in the development of the Ukrainian base of the Black Sea and wants the natural gas market in Ukraine in force. The management discussed this with Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and First Deputy Prime Minister Andrii Kliuev on 8 April 2010.

Here are some reference work of Stig-Arne Kristoffersen, the author of this article;

Click here

Click here

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What are other countries around the Black Sea to do?

Romania
ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Limited Romania has signed a contract in 2006 with Petrom SA to help explore deep-water parts of the Neptune Offshore Block Romania. Petrom agreement, ExxonMobil Exploration announced second major venture in the promising Black Sea in a short time. ExxonMobil and Petrom, Romania's largest oil and gas company OMV and member of the group agreed on a 3D seismic acquisition and evaluation of the program Neptun block together. Petrom will conduct the initial work program. ExxonMobil to help fund the work program and have expertise in the evaluation of seismic data.ExxonMobil pioneered the development of 3D seismic technology and other technologies to collect and interpret data on the success rate of deep-sea oil and gas exploration efforts . improve
The world's biggest oil companies are preparing to participate in a tender for hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Romanian Black Sea coast. Received in 2009 to divide the course of an International Court of Justice decision on the maritime border the Black Sea continental shelf between Romania and Ukraine, The 9,700 sq km exclusive economic zone of Romania section were an estimated one trillion cubic meters of contained gas and 10 million tons of oil.
The National Agency for Mineral Resources (NAMR) plans bidding round for exploration and development rights to 30 blocks Romanian shore and off-shore.
So far, 20 companies and consortia have data on the area purchased. These include U.S. internationals such as ExxonMobil and Hunt Oil, Total from France, Russia, Lukoil, OMV Petrom and Romgaz, both from Romania), Audax Resources of Australia, Blackstairs energy from Ireland, and MOL and experts together petroleum from Hungary and Romania.
The study of the Romanian Black Sea coast continental shelf started in 1969, and to find the first oil in the area is and 1980. Production began a few years later in 1987. Currently, Petrom operates two Black Sea countries Roumanie fields, 18% of companies in the oil and gas. His competitor Midia Resources (Romania) is also working on two other fields that it promises to be the production in 2011-2012 to begin.

Turkey
ExxonMobil Exploration and Production BV Turkey, a subsidiary of ExxonMobil, use the Deep Water Champion, a specially designed, newly built drilling vessel from a subsidiary of Transocean Ltd., to explore the deep-water Black Sea coast of Turkey. It is expected that the first and drill in the Turkish Black Sea coast in the first half of 2011. The Deep Water Champion is the sixth generation drillship capable of drilling 12,190 meters (40,000 feet) in up to 3,660 meters (12,000 feet) of water.
ExxonMobil is exploring a deal with the Turkish national oil company TPAO in November 2008, along deepwater prospects in the Samsun AR/TPO/3922 Block exploration license and the eastern part of the AR/TPO/3921 exploration license in the Black Sea. In January 2010, ExxonMobil signed an agreement with Petrobras and TPAO by 25 percent in Sinop, Ayancik and car purchase? Amba sub-blocks of the AR/TPO/3922 exploration license.
In January 2010, signed by Petrobras, ExxonMobil and TPAO a partnership for the exploration of Block 3922 (Sinop), in deep waters of the Black Sea, located in Turkey. Petrobras is the operator of the project, 25% of the holdings in them, while TPAO holds 50% and ExxonMobil Exploration and Production BV holds the remaining 25% Turkey stakes in the concession block license.

BP and Turkish TPAO drilled the first well in December 2004 on its eastern Black Sea Block Offshore Turkey northeast coast.

Brazil's Petrobras signed a memorandum of understanding with the Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) with the aim of deep-water exploration to expand research in the Black Sea region of Turkey. At the end of December 2009, Petrobras, the arrival of the drilling rig Leiv Eiriksson in Turkey on Thursday. The drilling rig is used to just be a Sinop is located in very deep waters (approximately 2,200 meters, 7,200 meters) in the Black Sea, where the company drills for the first time. He Leiv Eiriksson drilling rig was built in 2001 and is capable of carrying out drilling operations in water depths of up to 2,300 meters. Its total area is drilling the top of 9,000 meters. The facility is 119 meters long, 85 meters wide and can lodge up to 140 people.
The Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) has invested several billion in offshore oil exploration in the Black Sea since it initiated seismic surveys in the region in the 1970s. After TPAO Mehmet Uysal General Manager, a further investment of billions of billions needed to begin oil production if the study gives positive results will be.
TPAO think there are 10 billion barrels of oil and three trillion cubic meters of natural gas in the Black Sea,
There are 10 deep wells, which will cost an average of 0 million euros each planned drill. TPAO is planning a new potential site in the Black Sea region drill every six months

So what's the benefit for these companies to discuss with Ukraine at the moment?

Ukraine already has an auction round where some of these companies were involved in 2006 held. However, the Prykerchenska block was awarded in the offshore Black Sea region to Vanco International Limited. This award marks a new trend offshore Ukraine. For the first time a production sharing agreement was developed with an international oil and gas companies in Ukraine. Exxon International, among other things compnies got nothing then and therte does not have any movement in the deep waters of the Black Sea since then.
National Oil Company of Ukraine, Naftogaz has had economic problems and hardly engage in the same way as their neighboring state companies from Romania and Turkey. Sun Ukraine authorities have an economic model that can satisfy terms seen in the other countries around the Black Sea.

It is not a new bid for Ukraine planned around the Black Sea, and there are unresolved problems with existing licenses offshore Ukraine Balck Sea.

Vanco PSA
The PSA for the 12 960 km2, or 3.2 million hectares offshore Ukraine's first production sharing agreement was won by Vanco in April 2006, PSA Final negotiations were in the 1st Quarter of 2008 completed. This PSA has made it possible to plan Vanco to acquire a new 3D seismic and plan for a deep water exploration and within the first three years of the PSA.
Vanco had several models assigned to play in the Miocene Oligocene stratigraphy. Play models of compression anticlines in the front of the shed formation fold belt and cut off traps located within the same scheme. Trap types, such as slope fan deposits with semi-structural trap mechanisms, aircraft compactional anticlines and stratigraphic traps in the Sorokin foredeep section assigned. Vanco also has great potential models play in the Paleocene Eocene reefs, where they have identified several anticlinal shown. They have also Upper Jurassic reef structures that could hold potential for large quantities of hydrocarbons were identified.
Vanco recognizes a large unexplored deep sea with several concepts play. The block can Prykerchenska yield up to 6.4 billion barrels of oil – which makes it a 'World'
Class project. Many prospective shows direct hydrocarbon indicators and oil was
on trend in the vicinity of the block. ? Vanco out a work program designed to mature drilling sites in the Sudak Fold Belt and Tetyaev Prospect. The 3D seismic acquisition will begin in the 2nd Quarter of 2008 and be conducted in two areas on the Tetyaev Prospect and to about 1238 km2 amount. The other 3-D area is proposed on the B Sudak view and are approximately 1800 km2. Tetyaev proect to believe it is most likely to be 2.091 billion barrels of oil and Sudak B range outlook and an expected 1.37 billion barrels of hydrocarbons.
The prospect has Tetyaev have a surface area of approximately 225 km2 and probably a vertical closure of 700 meters. The water depth at the site is approximately 2185 meters view and the view is at 4800 meters.
At high Andrusov different perspective, with a surface area of approximately 110 km2 and with a vertical closure of 700 meters identified. The resource is Möstl is likely to 385 million barrels of oil in a water depth of 2225 meters and 5400 meters target depth.

West and East Black Sea region
Black Sea has two extensional basins of different ages, the West and East Black Sea basins, separated by the Mid-Black Sea-Rise, called Andrusov Ridge in the Ukrainian sector. These two sub-basins subsided at the same time in the last 30 Ma.
A regional study of eastern part of the Ukrainian Black Sea was carried out using regional 2D seismic lines. In the south of the Crimean peninsula there are 20 large structures with closures of 50-200 km2 were mapped. All structures are within the Miocene-Pliocene sediments. Mega-structures are mapped with a flat cap in the over 350 sq km. These structures are within the Tertiary sediments of Cretaceous and older to the east found in the Sorokin Trough and on the Andrusov Ridge itself. In the eastern part of Ukraine's Black Sea a series of anticlines were in shallow water depths and also a huge Mesozoic structure of 400 km2 is shown identified within water depths of 150-700 meters.
The western Black Sea region covers about 50,000 km2 shelf mainly in the Ukrainian territory. The depth of the majority of the shelf is less than 100 meters. The Odessa Bay is a gas province confirmed with a deposit and six deposits exploited in the preparation phase, exploitation or development. The total surveyed resource comprises approximately 53 TCF of gas. The Karkinitsk Basin includes several gas fields with containers limited to coarse-grained sandstone of the Apt, Pliocene and Oligocene marl overlain by the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene and Oligocene of the sound. The most important case is anticlines formed during the late Eocene and later stages of compression.
Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene sediments are considered as source rocks with good potential for the generation of hydrocarbons. Possible direct hydrocarbon indicators are to be observed on 2D seismic data sets in many different areas within the Black Sea region.
Major Upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic out within a depth of 100 m to 2000 m the potential hundreds of millions of barrels of recoverable hydrocarbons have mentioned.

Upper Jurassic reefs of the western Caucasus-Crimea hydrocarbon implications for the Eastern Black Sea
Widespread Upper Jurassic reefs are important potential reservoir facies in the eastern Black Sea region. Russian seismic data from the northern Shatskiy Ridge indicate possible reef-facies deposits up to 1-2 km thick and 10-20 km wide. Excellent data from onshore exposures in the western Russian Caucasus and Crimea reservoir analogous to offshore destinations. A model for the development and distribution of carbonate reefs will be presented with respect to possible alternative tectonic settings for the Upper Jurassic Tethys north margin.
Well-preserved outcrops of Upper Jurassic reefs in coral-dominated siliceous sponge-microbial and microbial species are grouped together. Patchy and massive coral reefs formed in shallow water-dominated platform margins or slightly restricted in deeper water mid-shelf settings. Siliceous sponge-microbial and microbial reefs occur as lenses and hills and are restricted to deeper water mid-outer shelf environments. The development of these reefs was controlled mainly by local variations in water depth, light, and the availability of nutrients.
The reefs show a complex pattern of porosity development reflects diagenetic independent stories with shallow and deep burial dolomitization and dissolution Dedolomitisierung. The porosity is especially common in coral reef-dominated facies and consists of primary and secondary types.
Coral Reefs dominated onshore outcrops is likely analogous to the Caucasus in the Russian west along the north-western edge of the carbonate platform in the eastern Yuzhnyi Eagle Black Sea. Possible isolated deep-water reefs on the northern Shatskiy Ridge mapped could consist largely of siliceous sponges and microbialites microbialite facies. Similar reef facies may be present on the Mid Black Sea High.

Lithostratigraphy of Upper Jurassic – Cretaceous Deposits and Hydrocarbon Perspective in the Romanian Black Sea base
In the bottom of the Romanian Black Sea (offshore), drilled Petr Omar Co. and received nuclei of the Middle and Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous and Paleogene and Neogene deposits ones. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits is one of two main geological units: the North Dobrogea Orogen and Moesian platform. In the North Dobrogea Orogen offshore three cycles of sedimentation have been identified: 1 A lower transgressive cycle according to the pressure of the synrift phase 1 (Bajocian-Callovian?) The final stage possible, according to a "general" unconformity or a break until 1 between the Middle and Upper Jurassic, with black Calci-turbidites and siltic (Heraclea Formation). 2. An average compression phase of transgressive shales, mudstones and siltstones (Pontus Formation) consists, Upper Jurassic-Neocomian age followed in accordance with the synrift 2 by a break until 2 to the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary and intra-Neocomian covered different time gaps. 3. A large upper Albian to Senonian postrift stage, sat down in the Paleogene and Neogene. Many short and long gaps are noted that the Cretaceous deposits. Three source rocks can be identified for hydrocarbon generation: – the black clay, siltic to sandstones of Heraclea Formation (Middle Jurassic in age), about 1000 m in thickness – the black argillites of the Pontus Formation (Neocomian) and – . Oligocene-Miocene bituminous shale, clay and marl, more or less than the Maikop beds known.

Hydrocarbon accumulation in the Permian-Triassic reservoirs of the platform Moesian
Romanian oil tank containing hydrocarbon fields in the Triassic reservoirs in the north-west of the only Moesian platform and in its south was an "oil" are identified. This distribution of oil and gas fields is a little puzzling, because of their position in relation to the Bals-Optasi Uplift. Well logs, cores, seismic profiles and some cards lithophacies define depositional systems and the dispersal pattern of the reservoir and sealing of the Triassic formations. The Permian-Triassic deposits consist of three lithostratigraphic formations: Lower Detrital Red (LRD FM) (Lower Triassic), carbonate-evaporite (CE FM) (Middle Triassic) and Upper Red Detrital (URD FM) (Upper Triassic). The lower part of the LRD and URD Fm Fm is deposited from several coarsening-upward parasequences in river deltas and fluvial environments of the lowstand systems tract during a forced regression. The upper part of the LRD Fm consists of fining-upward parasequences that a strong excess sugests. This development is the result of the Permian-Triassic riftogenesis. The main reservoir is a very well sorted sandstone (sandstone Bradesti "). The seals are made of clay associated with evaporite rocks. The reservoirs of the CE-Fm consists of limestones and dolomites are mainly in the lower part of this formation and the poetry composed by evaporitic rocks. Analysis of the main reservoirs Triassic (Bradesti sandstone and limestone and dolomite in the CE-Fm) indicates that there are other prospective areas for hydrocarbon accumulations in the southern part of the Bal-Optasi Uplift.

Tectonic Style and oil and gas accumulation in the Moldavian Platform
The Moldovan platform represents the western part of the East European platform. Seismic profiles, well logs, cores and geological cross sections and maps show that during Alpine orogeny, the western part of the platform was gradually from the eastern Carpathian orogens underthrusted. This structural development monoclinal pressed a character of the deposits and they dip to the west by the Carpathian foredeep (molasses) and East-Carpathian flysch. The compression tectonic regime by slowly strike-slip movements accompanied and punctuated by brief moments of enlargement of the main tectonic style print of the Moldovan platform. It is due to a fault network with two largely dominated directions. A first system of big mistake, almost parallel with the eastern Carpathian orogens is the NNW-SSE orientation (Paltinoasa error, West Paltinoasa error and Siret Fault). The second system consists of small errors Cross (EW oriented), and it generates more tectonic block orientations that the longitudinal error trace to follow. The older deposits than the Upper Sarmatian those falling step by step, Eastern Carpathians along major faults. The tectonic blocks every step of gently folded anticlines and generates incorrect mono clines. The intense compression regime and the high rate of reduction of the Sarmatian deposits lithostratigrafic favors the formation of the traps. The gas and gas condensate shall be sealed in Alb, Badenian and Sarmatian sandstones and shale reservoir systems and anhydrite. The study of the tectonic development of Moldova's platform proposes new prospective areas for gas and gas condensate in the Pre-Badenian deposits.

Paleocene carbonate platform facies distribution (northern part of the Black Sea basin, offshore Ukrainian)
This study is detailed facies classification and mapping is the Paleocene carbonates that required several oil and gas discoveries made recently in this order directed. An analysis based on an integrated interpretation of key sentences based drilling and well logs for more than 40 deep wells in different tectonic zones of the basin and regional and local seismic data. Carbonates of Paleocene occur at a depth of 500-6000 m and extend over most of the structural-tectonic zones of the Black Sea basin. The thickness of these sediments varies from 50-100 m to 600-900m. The study has various facies zones in the carbonate sediments of Paleocene revealed: Litoral (change from skeletal and wackestones pack stone, lime mudstone, marl, limestone, sandstone and siltstone), intra-shelf (skeletal and wackestones packstones 60-70%, marl 10 – 20%, 5-15% limestone pelitomorphic, baundstones 3-5%, sales up 10%), outer shelf, (skeletal wackestones and packstones 30-40% 20-30% clay, limestone pelitomorphic 10%, turnover 20 %), gentle slope (20-30% clay, wackestones and packstones 10-15%, 20% conversion pelitomorphic limestone 30-50%) and pelvis (sale and storage of marl with limestone pelitomorphic). Four gas and gas condensate fields in the Paleocene carbonate discovered to date. All of them are in the intra-shelf zone. The containers are represented by skeletal wackestones. The reservoirs are porous and cracked porous types. Open porosity – 10 to 32%, permeability – 0.0005 to 0.045 MCM2.

South Akcakoca Gas: A Black Sea Discovery 30 years in the making
Six Eurasian countries surrounding the Black Sea. Of the six countries, the Republic of Turkey has the longest coastline, 1595 km. by limiting the country. Before 2004 there were only six well in the Turkish Black Sea coast, four in the extreme western Black Sea area and two holes in the west central area off the coast of a small resort, Akcakoca been.
The Akcakoca # 1 and # 2 wells had been drilled in the middle-1970 designed to test the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments seen in outcrops on land and underground. Early seismic structures of the presence of massive compression tectonics of confidence disorders had indicated formed limited. The Akcakoca # 1 Algyő in Eocene clastics from 1000m to 1400m and tested in open-hole DST 3.25mmcfpd. The Akcakoca # 2 Algyő but no tests were performed.
In 2000 Madison Oil Turkey, later merged with Toreador Resources, acquired 962 000 acre permit that the wells contained Akcakoca. Using the existing seismic and the original fountain Toreador exploration geologists found that potential existed for a significant accumulation. A conventional 2-D seismic and post-high-resolution 2-D surveys enabled geophysics to map velocity anomalies, which could in the 1970s, wells are tied.
In 2004 Ayazli # 1 wildcat pushed on a saddle 3 km south of the original Akcakoca # 1 well was drilled. These tried about four Eocene sand 12.0mmcfgpd. Drilling in the next two and a half years, the research group drills and 12 successful launch of 14 and the first gas production in the Turkish Black Sea coast.
This paper reviews the geology and geophysics, who went into that effort.

The prejudice against Crimea Geology
The Crimean Mountains in the southernmost part of the Crimean peninsula in southern Ukraine to hold the keys to understanding the Black Sea coast of Crimean peninsula extends both western and eastern Black Sea.
At least two myths of the regional stratigraphy could be exposed. Myth 1: Taurian Group is not Triassic-Jurassic Early in old age. Based on published data paleontological (ammonites), it is probably the Taurian younger group, the most likely early-mid Apt-Alb in old age. It means that the compressive strength affected pool event in the Crimea region at the end of the Alps, not the Middle Jurassic. The flysch and conglomerate sequences are well developed on the eastern Crimea and collectively to the Upper Jurassic in the Tertiary age, as it may be closed based on published paleontological (foraminifera) data: Myth second It must have been the volume of clastics of the Crimean Mountains in the Tertiary uplift scales seems significant.
Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous successions in two major thrust sheets are included, designated as structurally descending Yayla thrust thrust and Tauren. Yayla thrust is mostly shallow marine carbonates of the Late Jurassic-Neocomian age together. Tauride thrust consists of Taurian flysch succession and equivalent siliciclastic deposits of Aptian – Early-Mid Alb age. Both thrust sheets were transported to the north probably during the late Albian, and impulse sealed by post-tectonic cover of Cenomanian to Eocene sediments. The Crimean region was tectonically lifted and eroded to Eocene.

The tertiary Kamtchia Fluvio-mouth-fan system of the eastern Bulgaria
OMV Bulgaria considers the "Varna Deep Sea exploration license near the coastal town of Varna in Bulgaria, Eastern Europe. The block covers a large fan-out of the tertiary system and the Carpathian Balkanide originate.
The tectonically active hinterland provided in the Eocene to a large amount of siliciclastic Miocene of eroded crystalline and metamorphic Rocks. These sediments were deposited in alluvial floodplains and aprons while relatively high stands and periods of tectonic quiescence. Relative low is massive erosion of the debris, which was marked by a paleo-valley system produces smuggled into the deep sea. Paleovalley This system covers much of the Paleogene and Neogene. Two major sequence boundaries have been identified along with several smaller unconformities. Today, the "Paleo Kamtchia incision Valley forms an impressive geomorphic feature in the landscape south of Varna.
Recent geological field work in the last 3 years showed the sedimentary history from the Eocene to Pliocene. Field evidence of this clastic fluvial system, includes tidal and estuarine sedimentary environments. The durable system of the Paleo Kamtchia came to an end when the Danube burst through the Carpathians in the early Quaternary. After this event, captured the Danube catchment area of the Paleo Kamtchia reduce Kamtchia River system to a stream of minor importance.
3D seismic data acquired in 2006 shows a pronounced and complex deep-sea fan attached, this "Paleo Kamtchia incision Valley. This fan system opens up a new piece in the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, similar to that already successfully prosecuted by Explorationist's world over the last 20 years.

The Moesian platform: a critical piece in the puzzle of tectonic Black Sea Region
Based on recent results on the structure of Moesian Platform and the Bohemian Massif segments of the European continental margin, a new model of the evolution of these passive margins is outlined. The Moesian platform as the top plate is interpreted Rifted conjugate margin of the Bohemian segment of the European margin and drifted into the middle and late Jurassic. Moesia, as a new microtiter plate was from the European margin at about the end of the Bathonian separated and began to drift to the SE. There are no restrictions on the rate of drifting but by the Apt Moesia should have reached its present position, at least 600 km to the SE from its original position. The direction may drift from the geometry of the biggest mistakes that derived from the NE today Moesian platform in the broader Tornquist-Tesseyre fault zone, such as the Peceneaga Camena error-limiting Dobrogea Orogen. To the SW of the north-eastern edge of the Bohemian track outstanding under the Pannonian Plain is mappable by reflection seismic data, an additional geometric constraint on the separation of Moesia from Europe. The correct reconstruction of the pre-Jurassic Moesian position of the platform has important implications for the paleogeography of the Black Sea before the opening. For example, the Triassic rift system of the Dobrudja in Romania are directly related to the sequence Strandzha rift in southern Bulgaria offers a much simpler paleogeographic scenario than previously thought.

The geological history of Istria 'depression', Offshore Romania: Tectonic Controls on Second Order Sequence architecture
The Istria 'depression' or trough of offshore Romania is still lagging at the crossroads of trans-European, Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone "and the Black Sea Arc Basin, just outboard of the Eastern Carpathians orogenic world. It experienced an extraordinary multi-phase history of subsidence, sedimentation and sediment evacuation dramatically during the late Mesozoic and Tertiary, which the interplay between these three tectonic domains. Zunächst als trans-Zug-Riss in der Trias-Jura entwickelt, um komprimierte und während der (?) Ende Jurassic Cimmerian Orogenese deformiert werden. Fehlerstromschutzschalter Topographie wurde durch eine nach Westen ausgerichtete kontinentalen klastischen-Evaporite Sequenz während der Neocom gefüllt. Dies wurde durch Hebung beendet und Doming mit Apto-Alb Rifting und Back-Arc-Verbreitung in der westlichen Schwarzmeer verbunden. Post Break-up Bodensenkungen und Kippen des Schwarzen Meeres Riss Marge, führte zu östlicher Evakuierung seiner frühen Kreidezeit sedimentären Füllung durch die Schwerkraft angetriebene Masse Verschwendung. Die Marge wurde anschließend aus dem Osten mit Ablagerung zunächst innerhalb der offenen Trog Istrien beschränkt und später erweitert, die auf das umgebende Höhen übertreten. Bis zum Ende der Kreidezeit, war es gänzlich begraben, nur teilweise evakuiert noch einmal in den frühen Paläozän und wieder spektakulär bei der (?) Späten Eozän. Das tief eingeschnittene Schlucht zu dieser Zeit bildete, wurde schnell durch Oligozän-Miozän Sedimenten gefüllt, sondern späten Miozän (Messinian?)-Down des Schwarzen Meeres Becken wurde durch eine dritte Periode der Erosion Einschnitt reflektiert ziehen. Kontinentalrand Nebengebäude im Pliozän und Pleistozän mit der Ablagerung von mehreren schnell progradierenden Keile gefolgt. Dies wurde durch eine große Rutsche Schwerkraft Veranstaltung und mehrere Phasen der Regal-Marge Schlucht Anschneiden und späten Phase der Schelfrand listric unterbrochen fehlgeschlagenes, was die endgültige Andocken des Karpaten-Orogens.

Öl und Gas Perspektiven der ukrainischen Teil der westlichen Schwarzmeerküste
Acht Gas-Kondensat kaufmännischen Bereich innerhalb der Odessa Regal (westlichen Teil der ukrainischen Schwarzmeer-) während der letzten drei Jahrzehnte wurden entdeckt. Der Erfolgsfaktor des Bohrens ist 0,5. Die produktive Horizonte sind in der Oberkreide, Paläozän, Eozän, Oligozän und Untermiozän Sequenzen entfernt. Heutige Erforschung der Tätigkeit ist invertiert strukturelle Höhen innerhalb Stehbereich (350 km ²) im Tertiär und ältere Sedimente fokussiert existieren weiter östlich im Sorokin Trog und Andrusov Ridge. In the easternmost part of the Ukrainian Black Sea a number of high-amplitude anticlines has been mapped in shallow water depth and a huge Mesozoic structure of 400 sq. km in deep water depth (150-700 m). Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene sediments are considered as source rocks with good generative potential for hydrocarbons. There are strong direct hydrocarbon indicators on seismic data. According to expert appraisal, each major lead formed within Upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic section in water depths of 100 m to 2000 m has an area of several hundred sq. km, with vertical closure of hundreds of meters, and has the potential to contain hundred million barrels of recoverable hydrocarbons. The drilling of Subbotina well up to 4300 m has confirmed the high oil and gas potential of Kerch shelf. Plenty of oil and gas reservoirs were determined along the section of the well. Some of them were tested in the lower part of Oligocene sequence with successful result and commercial oil inflow.

The Tectonic Ecology of the Black Sea
The Black Sea formed within a complicated area. It had two orogenic collages plastered against each other and fragments of one Gondwana-Land bound continental margin orogen: the Scythides, and the two parts of the Cimmerides. It began opening as a consequence of Alpide subduction of Neo-Tethyan ocean floor in the Aptian-Albian interval and at least in its eastern part, clearly split a continental margin arc. Eastwards it clearly did not connect with the earlier Flysch trough of the Greater Caucasus and neither did it have any relation to the ongoing Cimmeride shortening as late as the Nish-Trojan trough formation. It disrupted a pre-existing fabric, but it is remarkable that the Andrusov Ridge exactly parallels the old Scythide/Cimmeride fabric of en-echelon arc segments.
It evolved as a marginal basin of Japan-Sea type and even in its history of rear-arc shortening it greatly resembles the present structure of the Japan Sea. After the Miocene Arabia/Eurasia final collision, Black Sea began shortening as far east as Zonguuldak. West of there it was extending north-south in unison with Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece.
It is remarkable how 'continental' its behaviour is. We compare this with that of the Tarim Basin and suggest that the Tarim is perhaps a palaeo-Black Sea.

Geological History and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Eastern Black Sea Region
The Eastern Black Sea Basin originated as a back-arc basin during the Cretaceous times. Both the Western and Eastern Black Sea basins have been opened nearly simultaneously during Cenomanian to Coniacian times. Shatsky Ridge was a carbonate platform and zone of pinnacle-type reefs during the Late Jurassic. It was a platformal area since the Cretaceous. The Tuapse, Guria and Sorokin basins originated at the Eocene-Oligocene transition as a flexural foredeep basins. Shatsky Ridge was affected by flexural tectonics also at those times. Shatsky Ridge has a Miocene river system. Since Pliocene only Shatsky ridge was subsided up to 2 km simultaneously with main folding event in the Tuaspe Basin. Hydrocarbon potential of the Shatsky Ridge, Tuapse Basin and Sorokin Basin is connected with: (1) Late Jurassic carbonate platform and system of large pinnacle-type reefs: (2) Possible Paleocene bioclastic limestones; (3) possible Eocene nummulite limestones; (4) possible Oligocene turbitites with sandstone bodies; (5) Miocene river system; (6) Miocene and Pliocene horizons of sandstones.

The Impact of Recent Data on the Interpretation of the Geologic Evolution and Petroleum System of the Eastern Black Sea Basin, Offshore Georgia
The genesis and sediment-fill history of the Eastern Black Sea Basin, offshore Georgia has been largely understudied with little new data being acquired since the Soviet Era. However, recent data acquired demonstrate the existence of a Tertiary petroleum system.
The Oligo-Miocene Maykop Formation is a widespread source rock that extends from Romania to Turkmenistan. It has been identified as the source of the hydrocarbons in the giant fields of the South Caspian and the accumulations in both the western and eastern onshore basins in Georgia. In addition, oils collected and analyzed from active seeps offshore Georgia, directly above mapped structural culminations, confirms the presence of a generative Maykop in the Eastern Black Sea Basin.
Offshore Georgia can be subdivided into three tectonic provinces, one of which is characterised by high-amplitude anticlines that strike in a southwest-northeast direction as a result of shortening from the Middle Miocene to present day. These fold and thrust anticlines range from classic box folds to overturned folds, with a common decollment within the Maykop.
The primary reservoir sands are believed to be of Middle Miocene age, and based on 3D seismic data, the sandstones were deposited in deepwater channel-levee systems that originated from the north. Late Miocene to present day depositional systems have a south-easterly provenance of volcanic/lithic origins.
In 2005, the first deepwater well in the Eastern Black Sea Basin was drilled offshore Turkey but did not penetrate the northerly-sourced reservoir system. Consequently, the offshore Georgia petroleum system, with billion barrel opportunities, remains untested.

Mud Volcanoes and Fluid Migration in the Sorokin Trough
The Sorokin Trough forms structural depression along the south-eastern margin of the Crimean Peninsula. Compressive deformation affects the growth of diapiric ridges and facilitates fluid flow to the seafloor and the evolution of mud volcanoes above the diapirs. The main objective of a high-resolution multi-channel seismic survey carried out by Bremen University (Germany) was to study the evolution and formation of mud volcanoes correlated to gas/fluid migration and gas hydrates occurrences. We grouped mud volcanoes in the Sorokin Trough in three areas. The different geological setting influences the evolution of the individual mud volcanoes and hence their morphology. Collapsed depressions dominate in Area 1 in the western survey area. A 2.5D seismic data set was collected across the Sevastopol Mud Volcano representing a typical collapsed depression located above a complex diapiric structure with two ridges. Bright Spots in direct vicinity of the conduit of the mud volcano probably mark the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. We postulate that overpressured fluids initiated an explosive eruption generating the collapsed depression of the Sevastopol mud volcano and subsequent mud extrusions formed cones within the depression. The homogeneous fan deposits of the Palaeo Don-Kuban Fan in the central and eastern Sorokin Trough are characterized by increased permeability resulting in quiet effusive mud extrusions in Areas 2 and 3. Mud volcanoes in the central Area 2 reach enormous dimensions with diameters up to 2000 m and heights of about 100 m where faults with large offsets allow high mud flow rates.

Geology and Petroleum Potential of the Shatsky Ridge (Black Sea)
The Shatsky Ridge is an anticline structure that is comprised of the Upper Mesozoic-Paleogene rocks. Anticlinels have dimensions up to 66 x 18 km. It lies mainly at water depth about 2 km and extends from the Georgia coast to the Mountain Crimea (Ukraine). The goal of this work was to research perspective of Shatsky Ridge. Seismic and magnetic data have contributed to the recognition of main geological features. There are no wells drilled within the ridge, and the analog data from the Western Georgia and Crimea were used for lithology and reservoir prediction.
The lowest sequence consists of the Low Jurassic thick black shales, deposited on the top of Paleozoic basement. Magnetic anomalies caused most likely by the Middle Jurassic gabbro intrusions. Upper Jurassic-Eocene section consists of mainly carbonate rocks. This section contains the reservoir quality rocks. Limestone porosity varies between 5 – 20 %, range of permeability is 10 – 40 md. Presence of Upper Jurassic reefs, Eocene nummulitic limestone points to a shallow marine sedimentation. These reservoirs are overlain by marine thick shale seals of the Oligocene-Quaternary ages.
A potential of source rocks belongs probably to the Jurassic and the Low Cretaceous rocks. It is also possible that hydrocarbons could migrate into Mesozoic reservoirs from sources rock of the Eocene and the Maikop succession of the adjacent troughs.
Mud volcanoes and seismic anomalies "bright spot" indicate hydrocarbon accumulations in the sedimentary cover of the Shatsky Ridge.
Reservoir prediction, sizes of anticlines and hydrocarbon seeps make conclude that the Shatsky Ridge may contains undrilled prospects and form a basis for its future exploration.

Effects of Tectonics on Deposition in the Balkans of Eastern Bulgaria
The E Balkans geometry during Paleocene-Recent was characterized by a southeastward plunge toward the Western Black Sea, caused by: 1) a combination of eastward-thinning continental crust in the west, and oceanic crust in the east; 2) post-rift thermal subsidence of the continental crust; 3) buttressing against the Moesian Platform in the west and no buttressing in the east; and 4) northeastward advance of the thrustbelt.
The eastward-fading uplift and buttressing are evidenced by: 1) eastward decreasing amount of shortening along constructed profiles, yielding 30km, 10.5km, 11km and 4km from west to east; 2) eastward trend of more complete stratigraphic sections and shallower erosional levels; and 3) eastward increase in décollement depths, being 3.7km, 3.8km, 9.5-13.5km and 12.3-14.1km. The last thrusting age is progressively older toward the east from Middle Eocene through Late Eocene to Late Eocene/Oligocene. Onshore thrustbelt, which was significantly affected by buttressing against the Moesian Platform, exhibits thrusting followed by Late Eocene gravitational collapse, Oligocene quiescence and Neogene extension. The offshore thrustbelt exhibits thrusting followed by Oligocene-Neogene extension. A Paleocene-Middle Eocene piggyback basin formed in the onshore portion of the thrustbelt, centered in the East Balkan Zone, with a southeastward plunging axis, which migrated northeastward with basin shortening and filling.

Sedimentology And Timing Of Hydrocarbon-seepage (Lower Eocene, Varna, Bulgaria)
In the Pobiti Kamani area (Varna, NE Bulgaria), Lower Eocene sandy sediments contain several clusters of up to 8m high calcite-cemented chimney structures. ?13C values as low as -43‰ V-PDB indicate a hydrocarbon-seepage related origin. The depositional sequence of the shallow marine platform sediments is characterized by several cemented stratal surfaces which are cross cut by chimney structures. In this contribution, the origin of the cemented surfaces is addressed based on sedimentological, petrographical and stable isotope geochemical data and the implications with respect to the timing of hydrocarbon seepage are evaluated. Grain size measurements in two continuous vertical sections allow to distinguish two depositional sequences. Transgressive (TS) and maximum flooding (MFS) surfaces are characterized by extensive calcite cementation, thus indicating a sequence stratigraphical control on cementation. Different cement-types have been recognized. The bulk stable isotope signature of these cements indicates precipitation from Lower Eocene marine pore fluids, affected by later meteoric resetting. ?13C depletions of the dominant pore cementing "mosaic" cement as low as -20.6‰ V-PDB however supports also a pre-compactional influence of hydrocarbon-seepage which decreases within m-distance from chimney clusters. The MFS near the top of the Dikilitash Formation is partly cemented by transparent poikilotopic calcite in keystone-type vugs and in interparticular porosity. Its very early diagenetic origin and ?13C depletion (-16‰ V-PDB) suggest that hydrocarbon-bearing fluids percolated through the sandy sediments near the seafloor at the end of ??the Upper Ypresian. Other coarse-grained,13C depleted (-26‰ V-PDB) concretionary horizons likely resulted from post-sedimentary lateral migration of seepage fluids.

Stig-Arne Kristoffersen has a background as civil engineer and geoscientist. He has worked mainly within the oil and gas industry from the mid 1980s. He has written a few fictional novels as well as being the author of some professional litterature within oil and gas sector, he act as a writer to various web sites.

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Stig-Arne Kristoffersen has a background as civil engineer and geoscientist. He has worked mainly within the oil and gas industry from the mid 1980s. He has written a few fictional novels as well as being the author of some professional litterature within oil and gas sector, he act as a writer to various web sites.

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Stig-Arne Kristoffersen has a background as civil engineer and geoscientist. He has worked mainly within the oil and gas industry from the mid 1980s. He has written a few fictional novels as well as being the author of some professional litterature within oil and gas sector, he act as a writer to various web sites.

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