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Natufian Culture

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Natalie Munroe
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Natufian culture

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Home > Business > Business Opportunities > Natufian culture

Natufian culture

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Posted: 1 September 2010 | Comments: 0
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Dating

Radiocarbon dating places this culture just before the end of the Pleistocene, during the period 12500-9500 BC.

The period is generally divided into two sub-periods: Early Natufian (12,50010,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10.8009500 BC). The Late Natufian most likely in tandem with the Younger Dryas (10,800 to 9500 BC) occurred. In the Levant, there are more than a hundred species of cereals, fruit, nuts and other edible parts of plants and flora of the Levant in the Natufian period was not the dry, arid and thorny landscape of today, but park and forest land.

Precursors and the associated cultures

The Natufian complex developed in the same region as the earlier Kebaran and is generally in place, the view developed from at least elements within this earlier culture. There were also other cultures in the region such as the Negev and Sinai Mushabian culture, which sometimes differed from the Kebaran, and sometimes also as playing a role in the development of the Natufian seen.

In general, it has been found discussion about the similarities of these cultures with those in Africa, the Mediterranean Sea. Graeme Barker notes, "the similarities found in the archaeological record of the Natufian culture of the Levant and the contemporary chopper coast of North Africa in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene boundary.

Ofer Bar-Yosef has argued that there is evidence of influences from Africa to the Levant, cites the microburin art forms such as arched back and icrolithic knife and La Mouillah] points.5 There was also evidence of the fact that parthenocarpic figs were taken, since people the direction of the Sudan during this period.

Authors such as Christopher Ehret have developed built on the little evidence available to scenarios of the intensive use of plant construction, first in Africa and was a precursor to the development of true agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, but such proposals are speculative until more African archaeological evidence can be collected.

Settlements

Settlements are built in the forest belt of oak and Pistacia species dominates. The undergrowth of this open woodland was grass with high frequencies of grain. The high mountains of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the steppe areas in the Negev Desert in Israel and Sinai, and the Syro-Arabian desert in the east were much less favorable for Natufian settlement, probably due to their lower both sustainability and the company of other groups of collector who exploited the region.

The dwellings of the Natufian are semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone foundation. The superstructure was probably made of brushwood. No traces of mud brick were found, which was often in the following pre-pottery Neolithic A, abbreviated PPN A. The round houses have a diameter of between 3 and 6 meters, they contain a central round or subrectangular fireplace. In Ain Mallaha traces post holes were identified. "Villages can cover over 1,000 square meters. Smaller settlements have been interpreted by some researchers as a warehouse. Traces of rebuilding in almost all excavated settlements seem to point to a frequent change of location, resulting in a temporary abandonment of the settlement. Settlements were an estimated 100 150 home, but there are three categories: small, medium and large, from 15 sqm to 1,000 sqm of people. There is no concrete evidence for storage facilities.

Settling

A semi-sedentary life may have been made it possible to live by abundant resources through a favorable climate at the time with a culture of hunting, fishing and gathering, including the use of wild cereals. Tools were available for the use of cereals: flint-blade sickles for harvesting, and mortars, grinding stones, and storage pits.

Asset types

The Natufian had microlithic industry, based on short blades and fins. The microburin technique was used. Geometric microliths include lunate, trapezoids and triangles. There is backed blades as well. A special type of retouch (Helwan retouch) is characteristic of the early Natufian. In the late Natufian Harif the point, a typical arrowhead made from a normal blade, often in the Negev desert. Some scientists use to define its own culture, the Harifian.

Sickle leaves appear for the first time the characteristic sickle-gloss shows that they were used to cut the silica-rich grain is from, and form an indirect proof for incipient agriculture. Shaft Irons of ground stone shows the practice of archery. There is serious ground-stone bowl mortars as well.

Other finds

It was a rich bone industry, including harpoons and fishing hooks. Stone and bone was worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few human figures made of limestone (El-Wad, Ain Mallaha, Ain Sakhri) made, but the favorite subject of visual arts seems to have animals. been Ostrich-shell containers found in the Negev.

Subsistence

The Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains has been collected because of poor soil conditions, but wild cereals, legumes, almonds, pistachios and acorns can be. Animal bones show that were (Gazella gazella and Gazella subgutturosa) the main prey. In addition, deer, bison and wild boar were hunted in the steppe zone, and onager and caprids (Ibex). Water fowl and freshwater fish formed part of the food in the Jordan Valley. Animal bones from Salibiya I (12,300 10 800 BP) interpreted as evidence for communal hunts with nets.

Development of agriculture

One theory, there was a sudden change of climate, the Younger Dryas event (ca. 10800-9500 BC) that inspired the development of agriculture. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year gap in the higher temperatures prevailing since the last Ice Age, which produced before a sudden drought in the Levant. This would be able to compete the wild cereals not scrub with dry areas are at risk, but to which the population had been dependent to a relatively upright large sedentary population. get through this artificial clearing scrub and planting seeds from other countries, they began farming practice. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture debate in the scientific community.

Dog house

It is situated at Natufian sites, which is to find the earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the dog. On the website of a Natufian Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12 000 BP, the remains of an older man and a four-to five-month-old puppies were found buried together. In another place in the cave of Hayonim Natufian people were buried found with two canids.

Arts

The Ain Sakhri lover, a carved stone object in the British Museum will be held, is the oldest known depiction of a couple making love. It was found in the Ain Sakhri cave in the Judean desert. This was recorded in the BBC series A History of the World in 100 Objects.View image

Burials

Burials are in the settlements, mostly in pits in abandoned houses, but also in caves in Mount Caramel and the Judean mountains. The mines were to refuse the settlement, which sometimes makes difficult the identification of grave goods filled. Sometimes the graves are covered with limestone slabs. The bodies stretched out on the back, or flexed, there is no predominant orientation. There are both single and multiple burials, especially in the early Natufian, and scattered human remains in the settlements, the disturbed earlier graves. The rate of infant mortality was more highbout a third of the dead were aged between five and seven.

Skull removal was practiced in Hayonim cave, Nahal Oren and Ain Mallaha. Sometimes the skull with shell beads (El-Wad) is decorated.

Grave goods consist mainly of personal ornaments, like beads of shell, teeth (red deer), bone and stone. There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings and belt ornaments as well.

In 2008, the grave of a Natufian "priestess" discovered (in most media reports referred to as a shaman or medicine man). The burial contained closed shells of 50 turtles, which were probably brought to the site and eaten during the funeral feast.

Long-distance exchange

been found in Ain Mallaha (in Israel), Anatolian obsidian and shellfish from the Nile Valley. The source of the malachite-beads is still unknown.

Archaeogenetics

According to an analysis of a sample of human remains from Natufian sites, appeared to the inhabitants of the region, some Sub-Saharan influences. Ricaut et al. associate these sub-Saharan influences the distribution of haplogroup E1b1b lines from Africa. The material culture of the Natufian also leaves open the possibility some African influences.

Sites

Natufian sites include:

Syria: Tell Abu Hureyra, Mureybat, Yabrud III

Israel: Ain Mallaha (Eynan), El-Wad, Ein Gev, Hayonim, Nahal Oren, I Salibiya

West Bank: Jericho, Shuqba

Jordanien: Beidha

Lebanon, Borj el-Barajn Jiita III, Saaid, Aamiq II

Further Reading

Balter, Michael (2005), The Goddess and the Bull, New York: Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-4360-9

Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the origins of agriculture" (5), Evolutionary Anthropology 6: 159 177, doi: 10.1002 / (SICI) 1520-6505 (1998) 06:05 clock <159:: AID-EVAN4> 3.0.CO; http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf 2-7,

Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999), "Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, western Galilee, Israel", Antiquity 73: 402 409

Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francois R., eds, The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Ann Arbor. International Monographs in Prehistory, ISBN 1879621037

Campana, Douglas V., Crabtree, Pam J. (1990), "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the southern Levant: The social and economic implications", Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3 (2): 223 243

Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), A Natural History of domestic mammals, Cambridge (2nd Ed.): Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63247-1

Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground stone tools," Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (11): 16,131,629, doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003

Munro, Natalie D. (August-October 2004), "archaeo measures of hunting pressure and work intensity in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins, Current Anthropology 45: S5 doi: 10.1086/422084, http://www.anth .uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Munro2004.pdf S6-S33.

Simmons, Alan H. (2007), The Neolithic Revolution in the Middle East: Transforming the Cultural Landscape, University of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0-8165-6

External Links

Commons on: Natufian

Epi-Paleolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian culture of Israel (The Story of the Ancient Orient)

Cultural complexity (hierarchical societies [social, economic and political inequalities) in Mesopotamia: An Overview] ~ http://unix.temple.edu/ phansell/65online/lect8.htm

Categories: Archaeological cultures | Stone Age

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