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What are tiger sharks?

What are tiger sharks?

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Home > Education > Science > What are tiger sharks?

What are tiger sharks?

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Posted: 20 September 2010 | Comments: 0
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Galeocerdo cuvier

Although the tiger shark is known colloquially as the trash of the seas, this kind of requiem shark of the largest predatory shark after the great white. The tiger shark grows to a length of over 5 meters and is the largest member of the Carcharhinidae family that includes other known species, such as the blue shark (Prionace glauca), the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) and the bull shark (Carcharias leucas). The tiger shark gets its name from the characteristic black spots and vertical lines that run along the length of the body. Often found near the coast and in the tropical and subtropical waters to feed Tiger sharks are a nomadic species on a variety of prey including turtles, rays, sharks, fish, seabirds, dolphins, crabs and carrion. Tiger sharks are a large and dangerous predators and require significant resources to enable comprehensive study. For this reason, peer publications on its basic biology and ecology of missing checks.

Figure 1 – Distribution Figure 2 – Tiger Shark Attack (CC Albert Kok)

Kingdom: Animalia tribe: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes-Sub class: Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes family Sphyrnidae Genus: Sphyrna Species: mokarran

Taxonomy and anatomy

The shark was first described by Peron and Lessueur (1822) and was given the name Squalus cuvier (1). It was later used by Müller and Henle (1837) renamed to Galeocerdo tigrinus, before they finally renamed Galeocerdo cuvier1. The genus Galeocerdo is derived from Greek, galeos, "Hai" and the Latin, cerdus, hard hairs of pigs. "

Tiger sharks have a green, gray or black dorsal (top) and a yellow-white belly (lower abdomen). The slightly visible dark spots and stripes of the tiger shark are most striking in young people, ranging from blue to green. The juvenile dyes are thought to act as cover in the coastal waters, as they resemble the shadows of the waves in the water. Scientists have proposed that this camouflage makes them invisible from the surface, especially over seagrass beds, where they often hunt prey such as air-breathing sea birds and turtles (2). The spots and stripes in fading light beam attack like sharks when they are no longer exposed to displacement of other sharks and less dependent on surface prey.

The large eyes of the Tiger Sharks have called a reflective layer behind the retina tapetum lucidum. This reflects the light back through the eye so that light-sensitive cells to collect light and to improve the Shark's vision in low light conditions.

The broad and stable head of the tiger shark is wedge-shaped and allows the shark to turn quickly. The tiger shark that bit is very characteristic of most sharks compared to the teeth with similar forms in their upper and lower jaw. The teeth of the upper jaw with backward curved cusps and finely serrated edges that are designed not only to have cut off their prey, but through it also looked great. This tooth-type in slicing and shredding by sea turtle shells (3) specialized. Tiger shark teeth

The jaws are divided into 24 rows of identical teeth, move the decrease in the measurement because of it against the mouth. Unlike other sharks, the shape of the jaw square instead of round and look like the tiger shark is its distinctive wedge-shaped skull.

The jagged edges are very effective at cutting (CC Stephan Kuhn)

Size, age and growth

The tiger shark is one of the largest sharks, growing to a maximum of 7.5 meters (27 feet) (4) and a weight of 800 kg (5). There is very little known about how old can grow tiger sharks and this is one aspect of the tiger shark biology, that scientists are currently studying. Once fully grown tiger shark no longer have any natural enemies because of their size and the speed with which they can swim, the mph (20) at 32kmh or short bursts of even higher speeds (6) was estimated.

Range & Habitat

Tiger sharks are a resilient species and able to tolerate a variety of habitats. They are usually globally near the coast in the tropical and subtropical waters (Figure 1), but they have also recorded in warmer temperate waters (7). On-going studies have suggested that Tiger sharks undergo seasonal migrations, traveling in temperate waters during the warmer months and then again in the tropics for the winter. Their behavior is primarily nomadic, meaning they tend to move far to undergo major travel between major island chains on the areas in which victims is highly available.

Even if they are found to make these trips are not tiger sharks really oceanic species considered (8). Because of their wide range of food and a preference for shallow water habitats, tiger sharks are regularly in contact with human populations in the tropics. Tiger sharks are curious about the people in the water and can be aggressive to be taken into account so with great respect.

Although scientists have a basic knowledge of tiger shark behavior and habitat type, there are still a lot to certain behaviors, such as their movements and the factors that determine the learn. Preliminary studies show that differences in behavior and general biology exist between tiger sharks in different regions of the world.

Diet

The diet of the tiger shark has been researched more thoroughly than many other sharks, due to the wide range of types of these opportunistic hunters hunt. As the shark ages, its diet changes (so-called ontogenetic diet shift) and scientists work to better quantify this change with shark size. Young sharks (<200 cm) at a lower diversity of prey species, typically feed on fish, birds, crabs and sea snakes (9). Smaller sharks are thought to benthic (bottom) flat target Species because of physical limitations as a thin elongated body ensures low speeds swimming (10).

Tiger sharks are a species known to regularly surface, making them an ideal way to pursue with satellite tags.

As the shark ages, the variety of prey also increases turtles, sharks, rays, squid and marine mammals (dugongs, seals and dolphins). This increase in the range indicates that larger tiger sharks are not just shifting their diet to include larger prey, but also expanding their diet to a wider range of smaller prey (9),. A larger number of pelagic fish and squid species found in the stomachs of large sharks indicates a shift in the conduct of open and deep-sea habitats (9). Research on tiger sharks in Western Australia has proposed that the sharks used primarily to hunt prey Stealth attack, rarely engage in high speed. The sharks were tracked and observed that a "bounce" method, where they moved from the upper layers of the ocean to use on the ground to begin to maximize their potential prey animals such as turtles and birds (2).

Interestingly, studies have shown larger tiger shark stomachs to kitchen waste such as chicken, ham, bone, sandwiches, steak, aluminum foil, tin cans, plastic bags, cellophane, paper and paper products (9) included. It is increasingly important that people become more aware of how their activities impact on the marine environment. been all kinds of plastic in the stomachs of marine species, including the baleen whales, turtles, seabirds and sharks found.

Reproduction

There are currently only known little about tiger shark reproduction, with estimates of the tiger shark sexual maturity occurring at ~ 10 years (11). Men seem to approximate length of 2.3 mature – 2.9 meters, females and 2.5 to 3.5 meters, although these estimates do not vary significantly in different regions of the world. The breeding cycle of tiger sharks is also controversial, with publications cited both a two-year and three-year reproductive cycle. It is known that internal fertilization takes place, although whether female tiger sharks can sperm like other types of business is also unknown. In the northern hemisphere, mating takes place between March and May and in the southern hemisphere from November to January. The male tiger shark uses its fins, teeth of the female and inserts one of his Clasper in their genital opening (cloaca) to hold. This process often leads to aggressive female considerable discomfort, scars on their flanks and pectoral fins. Female Tiger Sharks have often thicker teeth than their male colleagues for that reason. The gestation period is also currently believed to be about 15-16 months and 30-80 litters pups, but average about 33 puppies (12) area. Scientists have reported a wide variation in pup birth size, somewhere between 50 centimeters to 90 centimeters (13).

Tiger Shark Pups © Bonnie Holmes

Tiger sharks are the only species that Carcharhinidae aplacental viviparous (ovoviviparous) reproduction (8). This means that the shark eggs hatch internally and young live and fully developed when born. An interesting fact about aplacental viviparity is that the growth of young animals by uterine milk through the lining of the uterus is secreted supplemented mothers. It is believed that tiger shark pups absorb the remaining milk in their stomachs sac before birth, with the remaining milk, to keep them in the first days or weeks of life maintained.

Threatened

Condition

Tiger sharks are the world as a target species and as by-catch of many fisheries caught. You are right in the western Atlantic, Australia, India, Papua New Guinea, Brazil and Taiwan based fisheries (14). Tiger sharks are a by-catch in tuna and swordfish longline fisheries in particular those near continental and insular shelves14. Sport fishermen have been recorded indicate this type of fishing in South Africa, Australia and America, and these trends are now more common sharks tagged and released as destroyed (IUCN website). A study by Julian Pepperell (15) estimates that 10% Tiger Sharks of recreational shark representation in New South Wales, Australia. Shark control programs, which exist together Australia, Hawaii and South Africa beaches attempt tiger sharks from areas that limit would come in which swimmers in contact with this species. The use of heavy gill and drum lines to reduce the abundance of large sharks in coastal areas. The International Union for Nature Conservation (IUCN) website lists this species as near threatened , the tiger sharks are not in immediate danger, but probably will in future be weakest in the area. Fortunately, the tiger shark a slightly higher resistance to exploitation than many other slow-growing species through widespread and varied diet and a relatively high growth and reproduction rate. Currently in Australia there are no specific conservation and management measures in place, but the U.S. managed the shark as part of their fisheries management program in 1993 (14).

For a complete list of references (#), please visit our website (TRACS Australia).

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Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/what-are-tiger-sharks-3302434.html

Article tags:
Tiger Shark , Galeocerdo cuvier , taxonomy , anatomy , size , age , growth , habitat area , food , reproduction , conservation status

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